2012-05-31, Venice and the Ottoman Empire: Crash Course World History #19. 2014-10-17, The Rise of the West and Historical Methodology: Crash Course.
Main article:Beginning in 1516, the Republic obliged the Jews to live in an area of the city where the, known in Venetian as geti, had been situated in ancient times, to wear a sign of identification and to manage the city's pawnshops at rates established. Many other onerous regulations were also included, in exchange for which the Community was granted the freedom to practice its faith and protection in the case of war.The first Jews to comply with the decree were from Central Europe. They used to melt metal, getto in Venetian, as their one in two options of income. The other choice was selling secondhand items and clothing.
When the Germans came, their guttural pronunciation changed the Venetian term from getto into, creating the word still used today to indicate various places of emargination. The ghetto was closed from 6 p.m. Every night to 12 p.m. The next day. The boats of the Christian guards scoured the surrounding canals to impede nocturnal violations.
This is how Europe's first ghetto was born.Known as Scole, the of the Venetian ghetto were constructed between the early-16th and mid-17th centuries. (The word scole (σχολή) can be compared with the Yiddish, the German, the Italian, or the English.) Each represented a different ethnic group that had settled here stably and obtained a guarantee of religious freedom: the and Scole practiced the Ashkenazi rite; the, the Italian rite and the Levantine and, the Sephardic rite. Despite a few later interventions, these synagogues have remained intact over time and testify to the importance of the Venetian ghetto. The unusual tall buildings found here were divided into floors of sub-standard height, demonstrating how the density of the population had increased over the years.Modern era After the fall of the in 1797, decreed the end of the Jewish segregation and the equalization of the Jews to other citizens. This provision became definitive when Venice was annexed to the Italian Kingdom.Rise of Fascism and the Holocaust.
Memorial tablet to Adolfo OttolenghiIn September 1938, the promulgation of the racial laws deprived the Jews of civil rights, and the Jewish community entered a difficult period under the leadership first of Aldo Finzi and subsequently (from June 1940) of Professor Giuseppe Jona.In September 1943, Italy changed from being an ally of into an occupied country, and the Nazis started a systematic hunt for Jews in Venice as in other Italian cities. On 17 September, Professor Jona committed suicide rather than hand over to the German authorities a list of Jewish community residents.In November 1943, Jews were declared 'enemy aliens' in accordance with the manifesto of the, to be arrested and their property seized. Although some Jews managed to escape to neutral Switzerland or Allied-occupied southern Italy, over two hundred were rounded up, most between 5 December 1943 (when approximately 150 were arrested) and late summer 1944. They were held at the city's Marco Foscarini college, the women's prison on, the prison at Santa Maria Maggiore and subsequently at, before being deported, in most cases, to in 1944. Those arrested later in 1944 included some 20 residents of a Jewish convalescence home, the Casa di Ricovero Israelitica (including Venice's Chief Rabbi, Adolfo Ottolenghi, who chose to follow the fate of his fellow deportees) and 29 from a Jewish hospital.
Most of those arrested in the summer of 1944 spent time incarcerated at concentration camp, Trieste. Although a figure of two hundred and five Jewish deportees from Venice between November 1943 and August 1944 is often quoted, one source give the higher figure of 246, which includes those deported to Trieste, some of whom died there, and a smaller number of arrests after this point up until the end of the war. Only 8 Jewish residents of Venice emerged from the death camps. The 1938 Jewish population of Venice (2000) was reduced by the war's end to 1500, or in some sources 1050.A memorial plaque to Venice's Holocaust victims can be seen in Venice's Campo del Ghetto Nuovo, close to a memorial sculpture. Chief Rabbi Adolfo Ottolenghi is also commemorated there in a memorial tablet, as well as by a memorial woodland at Mestre. Holocaust Memorial in the GhettoThe festivity of Purim happens about at the end of winter and it is a feast of joy during which Meghillat Ester is read (the scroll of handwritten manuscript where this story is told is on display on window 8.Pesach , feast of unleavened bread, of spring and of pilgrimage, is a joyful feast commemorating the liberation from slavery in.
A big tray for the di Pesach is on display on window 7.Place of honour, in the first room of the museum, is given to the Sefer Torah (Scroll of Divine Law). It is a manuscript, executed in a ritual way, of Pentateuch. The Scroll of Divine Law is covered with a mantle (Meil), a crown (Atarah), symbol of the royalty of the Lord.Often a silver dedicatory plaque (Tass)(window 11) is hanged over the Scroll of Divine Law. In many cases the inscription of the Ten Commandments or the title of the passage read in a given solemnity is carved in the plaque.The Scroll of Divine Law, covered with the Meil and the Atarah is kept inside the synagogue, in the 'Aron Ha Kodesh (Ark of Holiness). To help the reading of the scroll a little decorated silver stick, ending with a little hand is used (Yad). You can admire many examples of this on window 11.The second room of the museum is instead mostly dedicated to textile manufacture, related of course to Jewish tradition. Nightingale, Carl H.
University of Chicago Press. Fortis, Umberto (2008) Venice Ghetto - Holocaust Period. Zuccotti, Susan (1996) The Italians and the Holocaust: persecution, rescue and survival.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska. Fortis, Umberto (2008) Venice Ghetto - Holocaust Period.
Fortis, Umberto (2008) Venice Ghetto - Holocaust Period. Fortis, Umberto (2008) Venice Ghetto - Holocaust Period. Weiner, Rebecca The Virtual Jewish History Tour, Venice.
Fortis, Umberto (2008) Venice Ghetto - Holocaust Period. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: Volume 3 - 'Seredina-Buda to Z' (Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder (eds). New York: New York University, p 1385. 2011-07-27 at the (in Italian)External links.,. English site.
Contents.History of the title Byzantine era The first historical Venetian doge, led a revolt against the in 726, but was soon recognised as the dux (duke) and (consul) of Venice by imperial authorities. After Ursus, the Byzantine office of ( stratelates in Greek) was restored for a time until Ursus' son was elected duke in 742. Collapsed in 751. In the latter half of the eighth century, was elected duke and took the title magister militum, consul et imperialis dux Veneciarum provinciae, master of the soldiers, consul and imperial duke of the province of Venetiae. 829) used the title imperialis hypatus et humilis dux Venetiae, imperial consul and humble duke of Venice.These early titles combined and explicit reference to Venetia's subordinate status. Titles like hypatos, and were granted by the emperor to the recipient for life but were not inherent in the office ( ἀξία διὰ βραβείου, axia dia brabeiou), but the title doux belonged to the office ( ἀξία διὰ λόγου, axia dia logou).
Thus, into the eleventh century the Venetian doges held titles typical of Byzantine rulers in outlying regions, such as. As late as 1202, the Doge was styled protosebastos, a title granted by.As Byzantine power declined in the region in the late ninth century, reference to Venice as a province disappeared in the titulature of the doges. The simple titles dux Veneticorum (duke of the Venetians) and dux Venetiarum (duke of the Venetias) predominate in the tenth century.
The plural reflects the doge's rule of several federated townships and clans. Dukes of Dalmatia and Croatia After defeating and conquering some Dalmatian territory in 1000, Doge adopted the title dux Dalmatiae, Duke of Dalmatia, or in its fuller form, Veneticorum atque Dalmaticorum dux, Duke of the Venetians and Dalmatians. This title was recognised by the in 1002. After a Venetian request, it was confirmed by the Byzantine emperor in 1082.
In, Alexios granted the Venetian doge the imperial title of protosebastos and recognised him as imperial doux over the.The expression (by the grace of God) was adopted consistently by the Venetian chancery only in the course of the eleventh century. An early example, however, can be found in 827–29, during the joint reign of Justinian and his brother: per divinam gratiam Veneticorum provinciae duces, by divine grace dukes of the Venetian provinces.Between 1091 and 1102, the acquired the and the two kingdoms entered. In these circumstances, the Venetians appealed to the Byzantine emperor for recognition of their title to Croatia (like Dalmatia a former Byzantine subject). Perhaps as early as the reign of (d. 1095), certainly by that of (d. 1102), the title dux Croatiae had been added, giving the full dogal title four parts: dux Venetiae atque Dalmatiae sive Chroaciae et imperialis prothosevastos, Duke of Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia and Imperial Protosebastos.
In the fourteenth century, the doges periodically objected to the use of Dalmatia and Croatia in the Hungarian king's titulature, regardless of their own territorial rights or claims. Later medieval chronicles mistakenly attributed the acquisition of the Croatian title to Doge (d. 1117).According to the, written around 1350, Doge added atque Ystrie dominator ('and lord of Istria') to his title after forcing on to submit in 1150. Only one charter, however, actually uses a title similar to this: et totius Ystrie inclito dominatori (1153).
Post-1204 The next major change in the dogal title came with the, which conquered the Byzantine Empire (1204). The Byzantine honorific protosebastos had by this time been dropped and was replaced by a reference to Venice's allotment in the. The new full title was ' glorious duke of the Venices, Dalmatia and Croatia and lord of a fourth part and a half three eighths of the whole Empire of Romania' ( Dei gratia gloriosus Venetiarum, Dalmatiae atque Chroatiae dux, ac dominus or dominator quartae partis et dimidie totius imperii Romaniae). The Greek chronicler uses the term to translate dominus, lord. Akropolites attributes the title to Enrico Dandolo, although no known document of his survives with this title.
The earliest documents using the title attach it to, in Constantinople. The title was only subsequently adopted by Doge in 1205.By the of 1358, Venice renounced its claims to Dalmatia and removed Dalmatia and Croatia from the doge's title. The resulting title was Dei gratia dux Veneciarum et cetera, By the grace of God duke of Venetia and the rest. This was the title used in official documents until the end of the republic. Even when the body of such documents was written in Italian, the title and dating clause were in Latin.
Selection of the Doge. Election of the doge by the Forty-one -The doge's prerogatives were not defined with precision. While the position was entrusted to members of the inner circle of powerful Venetian families, after several doges had associated a son with themselves in the ducal office, this tendency toward a hereditary monarchy was checked by a law that decreed that no doge had the right to associate any member of his family with himself in his office, nor to name his successor. After 1172 the election of the doge was entrusted to a committee of forty, who were chosen by four men selected from the, which was itself nominated annually by twelve persons. After a at the election of 1229, the number of electors was increased from forty to forty-one.New regulations for the of the doge introduced in 1268 remained in force until the end of the republic in 1797. Their intention was to minimize the influence of individual great families, and this was effected by a complex electoral machinery. Thirty members of the Great Council, were reduced by lot to nine; the nine chose forty and the forty were reduced by lot to twelve, who chose twenty-five.
The twenty-five were reduced by lot to nine, and the nine elected forty-five. These forty-five were once more reduced by lot to eleven, and the eleven finally chose the forty-one who elected the doge. Election required at least twenty-five votes out of forty-one, nine votes out of eleven or twelve, or seven votes out of nine electors. A detailed description of this process, and the ceremonial procession that followed, is preserved in Martin Da Canale's work Les Estoires de Venise (English translation by Laura K. Morreale, Padua 2009, pp. 103–116).In a ceremonial formula for consulting the Venetians, when a new doge was chosen, before he took the oath of investiture, he was presented to the people with the formula: 'This is your doge, if it please you.' This practice came to an end in 1423, after the election of.
He was presented with the unconditional words 'Your doge'. Regulations. The complex.While doges had great temporal power at first, after 1268, the doge was constantly under strict surveillance: he had to wait for other officials to be present before opening dispatches from foreign powers; he was not allowed to possess any property in a foreign land.The doges normally ruled for life (although a few were forcibly removed from office). After a doge's death, a commission of inquisitori passed judgment upon his acts, and his estate was liable to be fined for any discovered malfeasance. The official income of the doge was never large, and from early times holders of the office remained engaged in trading ventures. These ventures kept them in touch with the requirements of the grandi.From 7 July 1268, during a vacancy in the office of doge, the state was headed ex officio, with the style vicedoge, by the senior consigliere ducale (ducal counsellor).Ritual role. The Return of the to the Molo on Ascension Day (1730 by )One of the ceremonial duties of the doge was to celebrate the symbolic.
This was done by casting a ring from the state barge, the, into the. In its earlier form this ceremony was instituted to commemorate the conquest of by Doge in 1000, and was celebrated on. It took its later and more magnificent form after the visit to Venice in 1177 of and the. On state occasions the Doge was surrounded by an increasing amount of ceremony, and in international relations he had the status of a sovereign.The doge took part in ducal processions, which started in the.
The doge would appear in the center of the procession, preceded by civil servants ranked in ascending order of prestige and followed by noble magistrates ranked in descending order of status. Described such a procession in minute detail in 1581. His description is confirmed and complemented by 's 1586 painting of a ducal procession in the Piazza San Marco.Regalia. The doge portrayed byFrom the 14th century onward, the ceremonial crown and well-known symbol of the doge of Venice was called corno ducale, a unique ducal hat. It was a stiff horn-like bonnet, which was made of gemmed brocade or cloth-of-gold and worn over the. This was a fine linen cap with a structured peak reminiscent of the, a classical symbol of liberty. This ceremonial cap may have been based on the white crown of Upper Egypt.
Every the doge headed a from to the of, where the presented him a new camauro crafted by the nuns.The Doge's official costume also included golden robes, slippers and a sceptre for ceremonial duties.Death and burial Until the 15th century, the funeral service for a deceased doge would normally be held at, where some early holders of this office are also buried. After the 15th century, however, the funerals of all later doges were held at the. Twenty-five doges are buried there.Decline of the office As the oligarchical element in the constitution developed, the more important functions of the ducal office were assigned to other officials, or to administrative boards.
The doge's role became a mostly representative position. The last doge was, who abdicated in 1797, when Venice passed under the power of 's France following his conquest of the city.While Venice would shortly declare itself again as a republic, attempting to resist annexation by Austria, it would never revive the dogal style. It used various titles, including, and collective heads of state to govern the jurisdiction, including a.List of doges.
Comments are closed.
|
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
March 2023
Categories |